This study aims to estimate land and sea surface temperatures (LST and SST) in Aqaba, Jordan, using remote sensing and GIS techniques and to explore their relationships with urban development and lithological formations. Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS and MODIS data were utilized, with LST estimated using the split-window algorithm and SST derived from MODIS. Land use and lithological maps were integrated to analyze temperature variations. The results revealed a moderate correlation (R² = 0.64) between MODIS and Landsat LST data. Maximum temperatures reached 47.76°C in urban areas and 50.45°C in exposed geological formations. The study highlights the significant impact of land use and lithology on surface temperatures, providing insights for urban planning and environmental management in coastal regions. Uncertainties due to atmospheric conditions and spatial resolution were noted. The findings offer practical value for climate resilience strategies and sustainable urban development. This research fills a gap in understanding the thermal dynamics of rapidly urbanizing coastal areas, particularly in arid regions like Aqaba.